Test 1 study guide

Note: This study guide previously said that lecture 6 will be covered in Test 1. This was later removed (lecture 6’s material will be covered in Test 2).

The test covers lectures 1–5 and their associated readings; discussion sections 1 and 2; and assignment A1. That is approximately all the material covered on the week of June 24th and all the activities related to that material.

The exam will ask you to write correct and stylish Java code. Your code should not be redundant, needlessly inefficient or complicated, or indicate a lack of understanding of Java features. Your code should follow our coding guidelines, with one exception: unless comments are specifically requested, you may omit them on the exam. Your code should contain at most minor syntactic errors: syntax errors that can be corrected by (i) a local insertion or deletion of punctuation and/or whitespace, (ii) corrected spelling of identifiers, or (iii) transposition of adjacent tokens. In other words, a malformed program that an experienced programmer can nonetheless understand unambiguously with a second or two of thought.

The exam will not allow access to reference materials. You will not have access to notes, a “cheat sheet”, or IntelliJ, or the Java API documentation. Except: if there is a Java API method you must use to solve a problem not listed among the topics below, we will provide a brief specification for it.

List of topics

Variables and types

  • Static vs. dynamically typed languages
  • Variable declaration and assignment; final
  • Primitive types: boolean, int, double, char
  • Logical, relational, and arithmetic operators
  • Reference types and null
  • Strings: immutability, length(), charAt()
  • Arrays: Type notation, creation, length, indexing
  • Object diagrams
  • Wrapper classes and autoboxing (Test 2)

Java syntax and structures

  • if-statements, while-loops, for-loops (standard and enhanced form)
  • Blocks, scope, and shadowing
  • Method declarations and signatures; static methods
  • Exceptions: try/catch statements, checked vs. unchecked exceptions (throws) (Test 2)

Software engineering

  • Defensive programming: assert statements and invariant checks
  • Testing: black box vs. glass box testing

Classes

  • Instance variables (“fields”)
  • this reference
  • Constructors and new-expressions
  • Class invariants, preconditions and postconditions, method specifications
  • Inheritance: overriding methods, use of super
  • Class Object: toString(), == vs. equals()

Object-oriented programming

  • Abstraction; client vs. implementer roles
  • Encapsulation and access modifiers (public, private, protected)
  • Subtyping
  • Java interfaces, implements
  • Type hierarchies and subtype notation (<:)
  • Variables’ static types vs. objects’ dynamic types
  • Dynamic dispatch
  • Casting and the instanceof operator
  • Inheritance, extends

Skills

To do well on the exam, you should be able to do the following:

  • Translate a short, 1-line mathematical formula into a Java expression that computes the formula. The formula could involve integers, floating-point numbers, and booleans, as well as arithmetic, logical, and relational operators.
  • Given the name of a type, classify it as either a primitive type or a reference type.
  • Given a type boolean, int, double, or char, and a value of that type, write a variable initialization statement that causes the variable to be assigned that value.
  • Given a few lines of code, predict the result of adding or removing keyword final.
  • Given a short expression that contains a mixture of types int and double, correctly predict the effect of any widening or casting operations. Examples: 1.8 * 10; (double) 1 / 4.
  • Given the name of a variable and a one-sentence specification of the new value it should contain, write an assignment statement that satisfies the specification. Examples: “increment x by 1”; “assign foo the result of calling function bar on arguments baz and quux”; “initialize next to null”.
  • Implement a short static method that satisfies a given specification. The specification is stated in a mixture of math and English. Implementing the method requires the use of if statements, ternary operators, for loops (standard or enhanced), and/or while loops. Examples: the methods on A1.
  • Write a short method that manipulates a string using the length() and charAt() methods and the + operator. Examples: return the next-to-last character (if any) of a string, return the concatenation of the first and last characters (if any) of the string. Or, given such a method without its name or specification, predict the result of running the method on a given input.
  • Write a short method that uses arrays to accomplish a specified task. The task might require declaring an array, initializing an array, getting the array’s length, indexing into the array, and/or looping over the array. Example: create an array named smallInts of length 10 that contains the integers 0 through 9 in increasing order. Or, given such a method without its name or specification, predict the result of running the method on a given input.

  • Classify a short program as containing a compile-time error, a run-time error, or no errors. The program could contain any of the Java features mentioned elsewhere in this study guide.
  • State the static type of an expression, given information about the types of variables occurring in it. The expression could contain any of the Java features mentioned elsewhere in this study guide.
  • State the dynamic type of an expression, given information about the values of variables occurring in it. The expression could contain any of the Java features mentioned elsewhere in this study guide.
  • Draw the object diagram that results at run-time from executing a short program. The object diagram must correctly use square versus rounded boxes, and the arrows in it must start and end at the correct places. Names and types must be labeled in the correct locations. Fields of objects must be correctly enclosed in the object. Null references must be correctly depicted, as must strings and arrays. The program could use a mixture of primitive types and reference types, with the corresponding value and reference semantics. Example: the Counter code and diagram from lecture.

  • Given the code for a method, circle and label these parts: return type, parameters, specification, keywords, types, literals.
  • Given the code for a short class, circle and label these parts: fields, methods, constructors, supertype (class or interface).
  • Given a class diagram, circle and label these parts: name, state, behavior.
  • Given the code for a short class, create the class diagram for it.
  • Given the method specifications for a class, write the field declarations and class invariants that will suffice to implement the methods. Example: Counter and Fraction from lecture.
  • State the default value to which a field will be initialized, given the type of the field.
  • Given a constructor signature, write a new expression to instantiate an object with that constructor.
  • Given fields and a class invariant, write a constructor that initializes an object by truthifying the class invariant. The parameters of the constructor might be given, or you might need to invent them yourself to satisfy a given specification. Examples: the constructors in A2.
  • Given a method signature, write an expression that invokes that method. The arguments to the method might be given, or you might need to invent them yourself to satisfy a given specification.
  • Given a method specification, fields, and the class invariant, write the (short) body of the method. Examples: the methods in A2.
  • Given a piece of code, circle the parts of it where a given name is in scope.
  • Predict the result of executing a piece of code that involves names that shadow each other. The shadowing could involve local variables, method parameters, fields, and expressions such as this.field.
  • Given code involving a class, label the parts that are written by the client of the class vs. the implementer of the class.
  • Circle and label the following parts of a given method specification: preconditions, postconditions, effects.
  • Given a method specification containing a precondition and postcondition, and an invocation of that method with some arguments, but not given the method body, predict the result of the invocation. If the behavior would be undefined, suggest at least three possibilities of what might happen.
  • Annotate a method body with an asterisk at each point where the class invariant is required to hold.
  • Write defensive code to assert the preconditions of a method, given the method signature and specification.

  • Given a class whose members are marked as either public or private (but not protected nor “default”), predict the result of compiling client code that attempts to access those members.
  • Given a class with some fields and class invariants, where some field(s) are marked as public, write client code that invalidates the class invariant by exploiting that visibility.
  • Given a class diagram and a skeleton implementation of that class (i.e., pieces such as method bodies or constructors or specifications may be missing), add public or private to each class member to encapsulate the state.
  • Given an interface and a class that claims to implement the interface, predict whether the code compiles — that is, whether the class really does implement the interface.
  • Given an interface containing at most about three methods (including signatures and specifications), write a class that implements the interface. The fields and class invariant might or might not be given. Example: the interface is for complex numbers and contains observers for the real and imaginary parts, and a method to add complex numbers. You invent two fields and implement the methods with them.
  • Given two or three classes each containing one to four methods, write an interface that abstracts the common behavior they contain. Only the method signatures need to be written in the interface, not the specifications.
  • State all the subtype (<:) relationships that exist in a provided class hierarchy. The hierarchy could be given in the form of a class diagram or code. Example: state all the subtype relationships between Piece, Rook, King, and Fraction as given in lecture.
  • Apply the compile-time reference rule to answer whether a piece of code involving two or more class types will compile. Example: Piece p = new King(); p.castle().
  • You are given a piece of code that violates the compile-time reference rule. Insert a cast to make the code compile. Your cast must not cause a runtime exception.
  • Given a variable of static type S, perform a runtime check to determine whether it is of dynamic type D. If so, cast the object to type D and invoke a method that exists in D but not in S. Example: cast an Object to a String and invoke length().
  • Given a statement that uses a cast, classify the cast as one of the following: (i) allowed at compile-time but could fail at run-time, (ii) allowed at compile-time and will always succeed at run-time hence unnecessary, (iii) allowed at compile-time but will always fail at run-time, (iv) not allowed at compile-time.
  • You are given a class D that extends another class C, where D overrides some of C’s methods but not others. Some of the methods contain print statements and/or super method invocations. You are also given some client code that creates objects of the two classes. Use the bottom-up rule to predict the result of the dynamic dispatch that results from invoking methods on the created objects. Specifically, state what is or is not printed as a result of the invocation. Example: Parent/Derived/Child question in lecture.
  • Given a class C, write a class D that overrides a method in C to customize its behavior to a refined specification. Example: override Object.toString() to provide a meaningful string representation for a Fraction class.
  • Write a short constructor that delegates some initialization to a superclass using super(), then finishes construction of its own class’s fields. Example: given classes for 2D and 3D points, write the 3D point constructor such that it delegates initialization of the x and y coordinates to the parent class, then initializes the z field itself.
  • Write a short method that delegates some work to a superclass using super, and also performs some work of its own. Example: given classes for 2D and 3D points, and a 2D-point method that negates both coordinates, override that method in the 3D-point class, such that it negates its own z coordinate, and uses the superclass’s method to negate the other coordinates.
  • Given a class hierarchy that contains some classes that are abstract, classify a new expression as allowed at compile time or not.
  • You are given the code for a class. There is a method in the class that it is impossible to implement; it can only be meaningfully implemented in a subclass. The method currently raises an exception. Revise the class and method to be abstract. Strike through the code to be eliminated, and write the keywords or other code that must be added. Example: making Piece abstract in lecture.
  • Given a class diagram, add class Object to it. Draw the arrows indicating what classes extend it. Write toString() and equals() in the box for Object with their types.
  • You are given the code for a few classes. Some of them implement equals() and others do not. You are also given code that instantiates some objects of those classes and compares them with == and/or equals(). Predict the boolean return value of those comparisons.
  • Given the implementation of a equals() method for a class, circle which of the following properties it satisfies, and cross out the properties it does not satisfy: reflexive, symmetric, transitive.

Study tips

To prepare for the exam, we recommend the following study habits:

  • Practice writing and testing Java classes and methods. Draw accompanying pictures (type hierarchies, object diagrams) to bridge between models/abstractions and code.
  • Review our lecture materials and your notes from lecture. Review the required textbook readings.
  • Make flash cards for key terms, based on lecture slides and the textbook glossary (online). Consider comparing definitions with JavaHyperText to check your interpretation.
  • Take and review optional quizzes on Canvas.